Plus two Accountancy Lessons

The best approach is a bilingual, problem-focused plan: explain concepts briefly in Malayalam, teach the accounting terms and answer format in simple English, and gradually train the students to write the full examination in English.

Part 1 learning objectives

By the end of the programme, the student should be able to:

• understand every important concept with Malayalam support;

• recognise the type of adjustment asked in a question;

• remember essential formulas and journal entries;

• prepare accounts in the correct format;

• write short theory answers in simple English;

• solve questions within the examination time;

• attempt every question instead of leaving answers blank.

Recommended duration

A 10-week individual programme is suitable for a student who is weak in both Accountancy and English.

• Classes: 5 days per week

• Duration: 90 minutes per class

• Weekly study: about 7½ hours of guided learning

• Home practice: 30–45 minutes daily

• Weekly test: one test every Saturday or at the end of the fifth class

If less time is available, the same programme can be compressed into 6–8 weeks.

Daily 90-minute class structure

Time	Activity
10 minutes	Review the previous class orally
15 minutes	Explain the new concept in Malayalam and simple English
15 minutes	Teach important English terms, formulas and formats
30 minutes	Teacher-guided problem solving
15 minutes	Student solves one question independently
5 minutes	Error correction and homework instructions

The student should calculate and write during every class. Listening to explanations alone will not be sufficient.

Ten-week Part 1 plan

Week 1: Foundation and diagnostic assessment

Before beginning the chapters, check whether she can:

• identify debit and credit;

• prepare journal entries;

• balance ledger accounts;

• understand Trial Balance;

• distinguish capital and revenue items;

• calculate percentages, ratios and simple interest;

• understand basic accounting vocabulary.

Essential English terms:

English term	Malayalam support
Asset	ആസ്തി
Liability	ബാധ്യത
Capital	മൂലധനം
Drawings	വ്യക്തിപരമായ ആവശ്യത്തിനായി പിൻവലിച്ച തുക
Income/Revenue	വരുമാനം
Expense	ചെലവ്
Debit	ഡെബിറ്റ്
Credit	ക്രെഡിറ്റ്
Outstanding expense	നൽകാനുള്ള ചെലവ്
Prepaid expense	മുൻകൂറായി നൽകിയ ചെലവ്
Depreciation	മൂല്യത്തകർച്ച

Give a short diagnostic test. Use the result to decide whether she requires additional foundation classes.

Week 2: Accounting for Not-for-Profit Organisation

Main concepts:

• meaning and features of a Not-for-Profit Organisation;

• Receipts and Payments Account;

• Income and Expenditure Account;

• Balance Sheet;

• subscription adjustments;

• donations, entrance fees and life membership fees;

• consumable items;

• treatment of specific funds.

Simple explanation:

• Receipts and Payments Account is a summary of all cash and bank transactions.

• Income and Expenditure Account shows the surplus or deficit of the current year.

• Balance Sheet shows assets, liabilities and capital fund on a particular date.

Malayalam support:

• Receipts and Payments Account: എല്ലാ cash/bank വരവുകളും ചെലവുകളും രേഖപ്പെടുത്തുന്ന സംഗ്രഹ അക്കൗണ്ട്.

• Income and Expenditure Account: നിലവിലെ വർഷത്തെ revenue income-ഉം revenue expense-ഉം മാത്രം ഉൾപ്പെടുത്തി surplus അല്ലെങ്കിൽ deficit കണ്ടെത്തുന്ന അക്കൗണ്ട്.

• Capital Fund: സ്ഥാപനത്തിന്റെ ആസ്തികളിൽ നിന്ന് ബാധ്യതകൾ കുറച്ച ശേഷമുള്ള തുക.

Practice priority:

1. Subscription calculation

2. Consumable items calculation

3. Preparation of Income and Expenditure Account

4. Preparation of closing Balance Sheet

Week 3: Partnership—Basic Concepts

Topics:

• meaning and features of partnership;

• Partnership Deed;

• provisions applicable when there is no partnership deed;

• fixed and fluctuating capital accounts;

• Profit and Loss Appropriation Account;

• interest on capital;

• interest on drawings;

• partner’s salary and commission;

• distribution of profit;

• guarantee of profit;

• past adjustments.

Important rule:

Profit and Loss Appropriation Account explains how the firm’s profit is distributed among the partners.

Malayalam support:

• Profit-sharing ratio: ലാഭവും നഷ്ടവും പങ്കിടുന്ന അനുപാതം.

• Interest on capital: പങ്കാളിയുടെ capital-ന് അനുവദിക്കുന്ന പലിശ.

• Interest on drawings: പങ്കാളി പിൻവലിച്ച തുകയ്ക്ക് ഈടാക്കുന്ന പലിശ.

• Appropriation of profit: സ്ഥാപനത്തിന്റെ ലാഭം പങ്കാളികൾക്കിടയിൽ വിതരണം ചെയ്യൽ.

Practice order:

1. Simple profit distribution

2. Interest on capital and drawings

3. Partner’s salary and commission

4. Capital accounts

5. Past adjustment questions

Weeks 4 and 5: Admission of a Partner

This is a major chapter and should receive extra time.

Topics:

• meaning of admission and reconstitution;

• new profit-sharing ratio;

• sacrificing ratio;

• meaning and valuation of goodwill;

• average profit method;

• super profit method;

• capitalisation method;

• accounting treatment of goodwill;

• revaluation of assets and liabilities;

• reserves and accumulated profits/losses;

• adjustment of partners’ capitals;

• preparation of Revaluation Account, Partners’ Capital Accounts and Balance Sheet.

Core formulas:

[
\text{Sacrificing Ratio}

\text{Old Ratio}

\text{New Ratio}
]

[
\text{Goodwill}

\text{Average Profit}
\times
\text{Years' Purchase}
]

[
\text{Super Profit}

\text{Average Profit}

\text{Normal Profit}
]

Malayalam concept:

പുതിയ പങ്കാളിക്ക് ലാഭവിഹിതം ലഭിക്കുന്നതിനായി പഴയ പങ്കാളികൾ അവരുടെ പഴയ ലാഭവിഹിതത്തിന്റെ ഒരു ഭാഗം വിട്ടുനൽകുന്നു. അതാണ് sacrificing ratio.

Training sequence:

• First teach ratios separately.

• Then teach goodwill separately.

• Next teach Revaluation Account.

• Finally combine all adjustments into comprehensive problems.

Weeks 6 and 7: Retirement or Death of a Partner

Topics:

• meaning of retirement;

• new profit-sharing ratio;

• gaining ratio;

• goodwill adjustment;

• revaluation;

• reserves and accumulated profits/losses;

• amount due to the retiring partner;

• retiring partner’s loan account;

• death of a partner;

• deceased partner’s share of profit;

• executor’s account;

• settlement of the deceased partner’s claim.

Core formula:

[
\text{Gaining Ratio}

\text{New Ratio}

\text{Old Ratio}
]

Malayalam concept:

ഒരു പങ്കാളി വിരമിക്കുമ്പോൾ, അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ ലാഭവിഹിതം ശേഷിക്കുന്ന പങ്കാളികൾക്ക് ലഭിക്കുന്നു. അവർക്ക് അധികമായി ലഭിക്കുന്ന അനുപാതമാണ് gaining ratio.

Teach admission and retirement comparatively:

Admission	Retirement/Death
New partner enters	Existing partner leaves
Sacrificing ratio is important	Gaining ratio is important
New partner compensates old partners	Gaining partners compensate outgoing partner
Old ratio − New ratio	New ratio − Old ratio

Week 8: Dissolution of Partnership Firm

Topics:

• dissolution of partnership and dissolution of firm;

• modes of dissolution;

• Realisation Account;

• transfer of assets and liabilities;

• realisation expenses;

• unrecorded assets and liabilities;

• settlement of partners’ capitals;

• preparation of Cash/Bank Account.

Simple English explanation:

“Dissolution of a firm means closing the business, selling the assets, paying the liabilities and settling the partners’ accounts.”

Malayalam support:

സ്ഥാപനത്തിന്റെ പ്രവർത്തനം അവസാനിപ്പിച്ച് ആസ്തികൾ വിറ്റ്, ബാധ്യതകൾ തീർത്ത്, ശേഷിക്കുന്ന തുക പങ്കാളികൾക്കിടയിൽ തീർപ്പാക്കുന്നതാണ് dissolution of a firm.

The student must learn the standard Realisation Account entries through repeated practice.

Week 9: Mixed revision

Revise the chapters through short, focused question sets:

• Day 1: NPO adjustments

• Day 2: Partnership basics

• Day 3: Admission

• Day 4: Retirement and death

• Day 5: Dissolution

• Day 6: Mixed test and correction

Maintain an “Error Notebook” with four columns:

Question	My mistake	Correct rule	One new example

Week 10: Examination preparation

Conduct:

• two chapter-wise tests;

• two mixed tests;

• two full-length model examinations;

• individual correction sessions.

The final days should concentrate on:

• commonly confused journal entries;

• formulas and ratios;

• account formats;

• working notes;

• theory keywords;

• time management.

Simple-English answer-writing method

For theory answers, she should use short sentences and numbered points.

Example question: What is a partnership deed?

Suggested answer:

A partnership deed is a written agreement among the partners. It contains the terms and conditions of the partnership. It usually includes the capital contribution, profit-sharing ratio, interest on capital, interest on drawings, salary and other rights and duties of the partners.

She does not need difficult English. Correct accounting keywords and clear sentences are more important.

Useful examination sentences

Train her to use these repeatedly:

• “The following journal entry is passed.”

• “The profit is distributed among the partners.”

• “The new profit-sharing ratio is calculated as follows.”

• “The sacrificing ratio is old ratio minus new ratio.”

• “The gaining ratio is new ratio minus old ratio.”

• “The asset is revalued at ₹…”

• “The liability is increased by ₹…”

• “The amount is credited to the partner’s capital account.”

• “Working notes form part of the answer.”

• “Therefore, the amount due to the retiring partner is ₹…”

Notebook system

She should maintain four separate sections:

1. Concept Notes – simple English with Malayalam meaning

2. Formats – all important account formats

3. Formulas and Journal Entries

4. Solved Problems and Error Corrections

At the end of every chapter, prepare a one-page revision sheet containing:

• five key concepts;

• important formulas;

• standard journal entries;

• one account format;

• common mistakes.

Assessment system

Assessment	Frequency	Purpose
Oral review	Every class	Check conceptual understanding
Five-minute vocabulary test	Twice a week	Improve accounting English
One-problem test	Every class	Develop independent solving
Chapter test	After each chapter	Check mastery
Mixed revision test	Weekly from Week 5	Prevent forgetting
Full model exam	Final two weeks	Develop speed and confidence

A practical target is:

• below 40%: reteach the concept;

• 40–59%: guided additional practice;

• 60–74%: satisfactory progress;

• 75% and above: move to examination-level questions.

Important teaching principle

Malayalam should be used to understand the concept, but the final learning material must gradually shift to English:

1. Explain in Malayalam.

2. Repeat the same idea in simple English.

3. Write the accounting keywords in English.

4. Solve one example together.

5. Ask the student to explain it in simple English.

6. Make her write the answer independently in English.

This prevents English weakness from blocking conceptual learning while still preparing her for the English-medium examination.

SCERT Kerala Books Class 12 Accountancy

Accountancy Part 1

• Chapter 1: Accounting for Not-for-Profit Organisation
• Chapter 2: Accounting for Partnership: Basic Concepts
• Chapter 3: Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Admission 112 of a Partner
• Chapter 4: Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – 172 Retirement/Death of a Partner
• Chapter 5: Dissolution of Partnership Firm

Accountancy Part 2

• Chapter 1: Accounting for Share Capital
• Chapter 2: Issue and Redemption of Debentures
• Chapter 3: Financial Statements of a Company
• Chapter 4: Analysis of Financial Statement
• Chapter 5: Accounting Ratios
• Chapter 6: Cash Flow Statement